Employment Relationship Survey in the Brick Industry in Nepal 2019
Nepal, 2019
Central Bureau of Statistics
Created on January 25, 2022
Last modified January 25, 2022
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Identification
Survey ID Number
NPL-CBS-ERSBIN-2019-v02
Title
Employment Relationship Survey in the Brick Industry in Nepal 2019
Translated Title
ITTA UDHYOGMA KAARYARAT SHRAMIK SARWEXYAN 2075
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Nepal | NPL |
Study type
Enterprise Survey [en/oth]
Series Information
Adhoc Survey
Abstract
The Survey on Employment Relationship in the Brick Kiln Industry in Nepal 2019 was conducted by Establishment Census and Survey Section of CBS with the technical and economic support of international labour organization (ILO) and UNICEF. The main objectives of this survey is to estimate the total work-force in the brick industry, Provide rigorous evidence on the magnitude of forced labour/bonded labour/child labour in the brick industry and on conditions of work, main hazards, and socio-economic background where forced labour/bonded labour/child labour occurs. This survey Provide specific policy recommendations on how to eliminate and prevent forced labour/bonded labour/child labour in the brick industry.
In 2018, the CBS conducted a probabilistic survey sampling 301 brick kilns representing the seven provinces of the country. In total, 4,210 units/households were sampled from these brick kilns. In cooperation with development partners, in 2019 the survey was supplemented by a qualitative assessment to understand the basic mechanisms behind the exploitation of children and workers in the brick industry. Focus group discussions (FGDs) among workers and naikes (labour contractors), key informant interviews (KIIs) with the development partners, and workshops with trade unions and brick kiln employers were organized as part of the qualitative study. The survey is the first nationally representative research conducted in the brick industry in South Asia.
This study consequently estimates that the total workforce, including family members, involved in brick production was 186,150 individuals at the time of the survey, of which 176,373 are manual workers and 9,777 administrative workers. The study focuses on manual workers. Among the 176,373 workers doing manual labour in the kilns (including family members), 6,229 (3.5%) were found to be in forced labour. The prevalence of bonded labour is estimated at less than 1% (0.7%) among the main workers. An estimated 35,775 children between the ages of five and 17 are living in the brick kilns. 17,738 of them are working, accounting for approximately 10% of total workers. 96% of working children (17,032) were identified as being in child labour.
In 2018, the CBS conducted a probabilistic survey sampling 301 brick kilns representing the seven provinces of the country. In total, 4,210 units/households were sampled from these brick kilns. In cooperation with development partners, in 2019 the survey was supplemented by a qualitative assessment to understand the basic mechanisms behind the exploitation of children and workers in the brick industry. Focus group discussions (FGDs) among workers and naikes (labour contractors), key informant interviews (KIIs) with the development partners, and workshops with trade unions and brick kiln employers were organized as part of the qualitative study. The survey is the first nationally representative research conducted in the brick industry in South Asia.
This study consequently estimates that the total workforce, including family members, involved in brick production was 186,150 individuals at the time of the survey, of which 176,373 are manual workers and 9,777 administrative workers. The study focuses on manual workers. Among the 176,373 workers doing manual labour in the kilns (including family members), 6,229 (3.5%) were found to be in forced labour. The prevalence of bonded labour is estimated at less than 1% (0.7%) among the main workers. An estimated 35,775 children between the ages of five and 17 are living in the brick kilns. 17,738 of them are working, accounting for approximately 10% of total workers. 96% of working children (17,032) were identified as being in child labour.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Establishment, Individual
Version
Version Description
v02: Final data for internal use only
Version Date
2019-07-02
Scope
Notes
The scope of Employment Relationship Survey in the Brick Industry in Nepal includes :
-BRICK INDUSTRY : Characteristics of Brick Industry
-FORCED LABOUR, BONDED LABOUR AND CHILD LABOUR : Dimension and estimate of forced labour, bonded labour and child labour
-BRICK INDUSTRY : Characteristics of Brick Industry
-FORCED LABOUR, BONDED LABOUR AND CHILD LABOUR : Dimension and estimate of forced labour, bonded labour and child labour
Keywords
| Keyword |
|---|
| Child labour,Bonded labour,forced Labour,Labour,Brick Industry,Nepal |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
''National coverage'', ''Provincial Coverage''
Universe
All Brick industry of Nepal and the productive labour working in those brick industry during the reference period of this survey.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics | National Planning commission ,Government of Nepal |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| International Labour Organization | United Nation Organization | Financial and technical support |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| International Labour Organization | ILO | Financial and technical support |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| United Nation International Children's Fund | United Nation Organization | Financial support |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The universe of brick kilns in operation was taken from the findings of the first Nepal Economic Census 2018 conducted by the CBS. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the sample collection. The country was divided into seven strata based on the newly formed provinces, thus the seven provinces of federal Nepal represent the seven strata and analytical domain for this study.
In the first stage, the required number of brick kilns (primary sampling units) were sampled using systematic random sampling. The number of brick kilns, treated as a cluster, were proportionally sampled according to the number of brick kilns in the strata.
The sampling size was statistically determined using ILO-IPEC interactive tools. After feeding the values of required parameters (predicted value of the forced labour prevalence at 0.005, design effect of 1.5, margin of error of 0.002 at 95% confidence, average household size of 1.85, response rate of 0.99), the sample size (number of households) was estimated to be 4,075.
Fourteen household units would be sampled from each brick kiln, requiring 301 brick kilns to be selected in the country. Since there were only two brick kilns in province 6, both the kilns were included in the sample to preserve the anonymity of the collected information. This yielded 301 brick kilns and 4,214 units/households to be sampled. However, four households did not work in the reference week and were not replaced with the listed units.
In the second stage, enumerators were asked to list workers with the help of the entrepreneur or manager of the brick kiln. Using this frame, the enumerators selected 14 employees/families using systematic random sampling (SRSM). For each selected household, the information was collected from all the members staying in the same household/jhyauli. The respondents for the quantitative research were adult/child workers engaged in the brick kilns.
Distribution of brick kilns sampled by province
S.N. Province Total brick kilns sampled
1 Province 1 26
2 Province 2 91
3 Province 3 64
4 Province 4 19
5 Province 5 70
6 Province 6 2
7 Province 7 29
Total 301
In the first stage, the required number of brick kilns (primary sampling units) were sampled using systematic random sampling. The number of brick kilns, treated as a cluster, were proportionally sampled according to the number of brick kilns in the strata.
The sampling size was statistically determined using ILO-IPEC interactive tools. After feeding the values of required parameters (predicted value of the forced labour prevalence at 0.005, design effect of 1.5, margin of error of 0.002 at 95% confidence, average household size of 1.85, response rate of 0.99), the sample size (number of households) was estimated to be 4,075.
Fourteen household units would be sampled from each brick kiln, requiring 301 brick kilns to be selected in the country. Since there were only two brick kilns in province 6, both the kilns were included in the sample to preserve the anonymity of the collected information. This yielded 301 brick kilns and 4,214 units/households to be sampled. However, four households did not work in the reference week and were not replaced with the listed units.
In the second stage, enumerators were asked to list workers with the help of the entrepreneur or manager of the brick kiln. Using this frame, the enumerators selected 14 employees/families using systematic random sampling (SRSM). For each selected household, the information was collected from all the members staying in the same household/jhyauli. The respondents for the quantitative research were adult/child workers engaged in the brick kilns.
Distribution of brick kilns sampled by province
S.N. Province Total brick kilns sampled
1 Province 1 26
2 Province 2 91
3 Province 3 64
4 Province 4 19
5 Province 5 70
6 Province 6 2
7 Province 7 29
Total 301
Deviations from the Sample Design
If any establishment selected in sample are found to be closed during the reference period of this survey, such establishment were replaced by another same nature of establishment .
Response Rate
100 % response rate.
Weighting
After the successful completion of the field work, weighting at the enterprise, household and individual level was calculated to generalise the estimates to the national (industry) level. The weightings (W1s) specific to each stratum in the first stage was determined as follows:
W1s=Ns/Ts............................................................................................................................(1)
where Ns is the total number of brick kilns in the sth stratum and Ts is the total number of sampled brick kilns in the sth stratum. The weight is the inverse of the probability of selection of the brick kiln in each stratum. In the second stage, the base weights (W2iks) were calculated for each individual worker as follows:
W2iks=Eis/14.................................................................................................................................(2)
where Eis is the total number of manual workers listed in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum. Since 14 households/units were sampled from each kiln, the base weight for each worker in that brick kiln was calculated by dividing by 14. Similarly, the base weights (W2tks) were calculated for a household unit as follows:
W2tks=Ets/14.................................................................................................................................(3)
where Ets is the total number of household units listed in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum. In case of non-respondents (negligible number) in the sample, the final weight for ith worker and tth household unit in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum was calculated as the product of the base weight of the individual worker/household unit and the enterprise weight.
Wiks= W2bks* W1s..............................................................................................................................................................(4)
Wtks= W2tks* W1s...................................................................................................................(5)
W1s=Ns/Ts............................................................................................................................(1)
where Ns is the total number of brick kilns in the sth stratum and Ts is the total number of sampled brick kilns in the sth stratum. The weight is the inverse of the probability of selection of the brick kiln in each stratum. In the second stage, the base weights (W2iks) were calculated for each individual worker as follows:
W2iks=Eis/14.................................................................................................................................(2)
where Eis is the total number of manual workers listed in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum. Since 14 households/units were sampled from each kiln, the base weight for each worker in that brick kiln was calculated by dividing by 14. Similarly, the base weights (W2tks) were calculated for a household unit as follows:
W2tks=Ets/14.................................................................................................................................(3)
where Ets is the total number of household units listed in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum. In case of non-respondents (negligible number) in the sample, the final weight for ith worker and tth household unit in the kth brick kiln in the sth stratum was calculated as the product of the base weight of the individual worker/household unit and the enterprise weight.
Wiks= W2bks* W1s..............................................................................................................................................................(4)
Wtks= W2tks* W1s...................................................................................................................(5)
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2019-03-01 | 2019-04-13 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Monitoring, supervision and validation of the survey was done by the team of Establishment Census and Survey Section of CBS together with the team of ILO, Nepal.
Data Collection Notes
Data were collected by 28 enumerators from march 1st 2019 to april 13 ,2019 through face to face interview. Monitoring and Supervision of field work was done by the staff of establishment census and survey section of CBS to maintain the quality of data. 5-days training programme for the enumerators was held on questionaire and its manual.Three types of questionnaire was used to collect the information. In average, enumerators spend 3 days per brick kiln industry to collect the information on questionnaire.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics | CBS | National planning Commission,Government of Nepal |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
This survey used three types of paper base questionnaire(Form) to collect information from respondent .Among this first one is listing Form , second Form 1 ( questionnaire for establishment ) and third Form 2(Questionnaire for individual worker ).
Listing Form : includes list of productive worker in brick kiln.
Form 1 :
Establishment information of Brick Kiln
Form 2 :
Indiviual Information of Manual Workers in Brick Kiln
Part A : General information
Part B : Employment information
Part C : Working condition
Part D : Working condition of children
Listing Form : includes list of productive worker in brick kiln.
Form 1 :
Establishment information of Brick Kiln
Form 2 :
Indiviual Information of Manual Workers in Brick Kiln
Part A : General information
Part B : Employment information
Part C : Working condition
Part D : Working condition of children
Data Processing
Data Editing
For the consistency of data, required logics were set in the data entry programme (CSPro) itself. For the processing and analysis of data both SPSS and STATA programme were used.
Other Processing
Desktop data entry programme were designed for data entry.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | Central Bureau of Statistics | microdata@cbs.gov.np | cbs.gov.np |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director of Publication , Dissemination and Library Section | CBS | microdata@cbs.gov.np | cbs.gov.np |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of the respondents is guaranteed by article 8 of Statistics Act 1958. Restriction on publication of information and details. Any information or details relating to any person, family,establishment which have been supplied, obtained or prepared pursuant to Section 3 or Section 4 or Section 5 or Section 6 or Section 7 or any part of such information or details, shall not be disclosed or published directly except to the Director General or to any other officer of the Bureau without the written permission of the person or of his or her authorized representative supplying such information or details.
Access conditions
The dataset has been anonymized and is available for internal use only. It is not accessing for public use.
Citation requirements
Data and information can be downloaded from Micro data catalog/ National Data Archive (NADA): https://microdata.cbs.gov.np/index.php/catalog on [date], Employment Relationship Survey in the Brick Industry in Nepal 2019 ,Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal.
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal bears no responsibility for any outcomes or for interpretations or inferences arising from the use of the data, or use of the information provided on the study.
Copyright
(c) 2019, Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-NPL-CBS--ERSBIN-2019-v02
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central Bureau of Statistics | CBS | National Planning Commission,Government of Nepal | Documentation of the study |
Date of Metadata Production
2019-07-02
DDI Document version
v2 (Jan 2022 ) : Final data for internal use only