National Climate Change Survey 2022
Nepal, 2023
National Statistics Office (NSO)
Created on June 26, 2026
Last modified June 26, 2026
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Identification
Survey ID Number
NPL-NSO-NCCS-2022-v01
Title
National Climate Change Survey 2022
Translated Title
Jalawayu Pariwartan Sarvekshan 2022
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Nepal | NPL |
Study type
Integrated Survey (non-LSMS) [hh/is]
Series Information
Second Round
Abstract
The National Climate Change Survey 2022 (NCCS-II), conducted by Nepal's National Statistics Office, examines the multidimensional impacts of climate change on Nepali households across all seven provinces. Using face-to-face interviews with 6,508 households in 326 sampling units and applying the IPCC risk framework, the survey captures community perceptions, awareness, vulnerability, and adaptation responses across key sectors including agriculture, water resources, energy, health, biodiversity, and disaster management. Findings reveal that climate-induced hazards such as floods, landslides, droughts, and extreme temperatures are intensifying, causing significant damage to infrastructure, livelihoods, and food security. Agricultural challenges are widespread, with over half of households reporting new crop diseases and pests, while escalating vector-borne and waterborne illnesses pose growing public health concerns. Water availability has declined notably, particularly in Terai and hilly regions, and biodiversity loss from invasive species is increasingly reported. In response, many households have adopted adaptation strategies including diversified cropping, use of improved seeds, and off-farm employment, though uptake of formal measures like insurance and water conservation remains limited. The survey underscores the urgent need for region-specific, evidence-based policies to strengthen community resilience against the escalating risks of climate change in Nepal.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
National and Province
Version
Version Description
v01: Final data for National Climate Change Survey 2022
Version Date
2024-04-18
Scope
Notes
The survey was conducted in 29 selected districts across Nepal. A total of 326 Enumeration Areas (EAs) were scientifically selected from these districts using statistical sampling methods. In the first stage, a household listing was carried out in each selected Enumeration Area. In the second stage, 20 households were selected from each household listing using statistical sampling techniques. As a result, information was collected from 6,520 households across the country.
Keywords
| Keyword |
|---|
| Climate |
| Household |
| Season |
| Rainfall |
| Natural disaster |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
Field work of this survey covered 29 districts out of 77 districts of Nepal.
Universe
The population of interest for the NCCS II is the entire population, which has been included in the sample frame. The information regarding the population was taken from the latest population census 2021, which by the time sampling took place was in the final stages of being completed.The sampling was done using the total number of households from the population census excluding households registered in institutions. In total 66,66,937 individual households were included in the frame.
The NCCS II is a unique study that necessitates gathering data spanning an extended period. As a result, not all households across the country were deemed eligible for inclusion in the survey. Only households meeting the criteria of having a respondent aged 45 or older and residing in the same locality for at least 25 years were considered eligible. The determination of household membership was based on individuals’ usual place of residence. The survey conducted enumeration on a total of 6,520 sample households across 326 primary sampling units (PSUs) spanning over all seven provinces (Figure 2.2).
The NCCS II is a unique study that necessitates gathering data spanning an extended period. As a result, not all households across the country were deemed eligible for inclusion in the survey. Only households meeting the criteria of having a respondent aged 45 or older and residing in the same locality for at least 25 years were considered eligible. The determination of household membership was based on individuals’ usual place of residence. The survey conducted enumeration on a total of 6,520 sample households across 326 primary sampling units (PSUs) spanning over all seven provinces (Figure 2.2).
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Statistics Office (NSO) | OPMCM |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Government of Nepal | GoN |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
Many factors impact the sample size required for a survey, including the size of the population of interest, the number of sub-populations results required, the accuracy, and the sample selection procedures adopted. Cost constraints also become a major factor for many surveys however, and it was anticipated that sufficient funds were available for an estimated 6,520 households across Nepal. This resulted in a similar proportion of households being sampled compared to earlier study.
To ensure suitable levels of accuracy for each domain of interest, the smaller domains (with respect to the number of households) received a higher sample fraction than the larger domains. This was achieved by allocating the 6,520 samples proportional to the square root of the population (non-response was less than 0.5%). Twenty households were selected per primary sampling units (PSUs) in the survey.
Sample Selection
The sample selection strategy adopted for the NCCS II was done in three stages:
Stage 1: Selection of Districts
Stage 2: Selection of PSUs
Stage 3: Selection of Households
The process was applied for each of the 17 domains independently.
To ensure suitable levels of accuracy for each domain of interest, the smaller domains (with respect to the number of households) received a higher sample fraction than the larger domains. This was achieved by allocating the 6,520 samples proportional to the square root of the population (non-response was less than 0.5%). Twenty households were selected per primary sampling units (PSUs) in the survey.
Sample Selection
The sample selection strategy adopted for the NCCS II was done in three stages:
Stage 1: Selection of Districts
Stage 2: Selection of PSUs
Stage 3: Selection of Households
The process was applied for each of the 17 domains independently.
Deviations from the Sample Design
No deviation
Weighting
Weighting Procedure for NCCS II
Base Weights
The sample design of this survey uses a three stages sampling design in a similar way as the first climate change impact survey. The selection is done in the following way: in the first stage districts are being selected, in the second stage EA (enumeration areas) are being selected and in the third stage households are being selected. The probability of a household being selected is hence calculated by multiplying the probabilities of the three different stages such as: Pr(HH selection) = Pr (selection at stage 1) * Pr(EA selection at stage 2) *Pr(HH selection at stage 3). The base weight is then calculated as the inverse of this probability:
Base weight= 1/Pr (HH selection).
Adjustments
To account for the fact the population of interest is only those households which had a member aged 45 years and above, and lived in the area for at least 25 years, the base weights are adjusted with an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor is calculated at the EA level in the following way: estimated number of households in scope in each EA / total number of households in EA. This adjustment factor is then multiplied with the base weight, such as:
Base weight x Adjustment factor.
To account for differences between the preliminary population data used in the sampling frame and the final population as well as other potential problems (such as large non-respondents), additional adjustment might be needed.
Base Weights
The sample design of this survey uses a three stages sampling design in a similar way as the first climate change impact survey. The selection is done in the following way: in the first stage districts are being selected, in the second stage EA (enumeration areas) are being selected and in the third stage households are being selected. The probability of a household being selected is hence calculated by multiplying the probabilities of the three different stages such as: Pr(HH selection) = Pr (selection at stage 1) * Pr(EA selection at stage 2) *Pr(HH selection at stage 3). The base weight is then calculated as the inverse of this probability:
Base weight= 1/Pr (HH selection).
Adjustments
To account for the fact the population of interest is only those households which had a member aged 45 years and above, and lived in the area for at least 25 years, the base weights are adjusted with an adjustment factor. The adjustment factor is calculated at the EA level in the following way: estimated number of households in scope in each EA / total number of households in EA. This adjustment factor is then multiplied with the base weight, such as:
Base weight x Adjustment factor.
To account for differences between the preliminary population data used in the sampling frame and the final population as well as other potential problems (such as large non-respondents), additional adjustment might be needed.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2023-02-03 | 2023-07-30 |
Time periods
| Start date | End date |
|---|---|
| 2022-07-17 | 2023-07-16 |
Data Collection Mode
Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]
Supervision
Data collection and supervision commenced after the training program, involving 15 field teams/groups, consisting of enumerators from Statistics Offices and students from the Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University. Throughout the survey period, fieldwork received continuous supervision and monitoring from core team members at two levels. The Environment Statistics Section of the NSO formed the central supervision team, while the chief of the Statistics Offices served as the field supervisor. A supervision form was developed for field supervision, and a set of instructions was prepared for central supervision.
Data Collection Notes
Training program: The Master Training of Trainers (MTOT) took place in Kakani, Nuwakot, spanning from the 18th to the 22nd of the eighth month in the year 2079 BS. The primary objective was to facilitate discussions and consensus-building among the resource persons actively involved in delivering the training program. A total of 32 enumerators received training for the survey, including 20 students of the Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University. The comprehensive 7-day training occurred in Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok districts, from the 10th to the 16th of the tenth month in 2079 BS, utilizing various training methods such as reflective exercises on the questionnaire and reference manual, classroom sessions, practical exercises, mock interviews, field visits, and discussion sessions.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Office | NSO | Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (OPMCM) |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The questionnaire for this survey was prepared in CSPro software. The enumerator us tablet to collect the data.
There are followingsections in the questionnaire;
Section 1: Introductory information
Section 2: Personal Information
Section 3: Landholding information
Section 4: Household access to social and economic services
Section 5: Household income information (past 12 months)
Section 6: Climate change related knowledge and perception
Section 7: Impacts of climate-induced disasters
Section 8: Diseases and Health impacts
Section 9: Impact on water sources and energy/renewable energy
Section 10: Impact on biodiversity
Section 11: Household's climate change adaptation activities
There are followingsections in the questionnaire;
Section 1: Introductory information
Section 2: Personal Information
Section 3: Landholding information
Section 4: Household access to social and economic services
Section 5: Household income information (past 12 months)
Section 6: Climate change related knowledge and perception
Section 7: Impacts of climate-induced disasters
Section 8: Diseases and Health impacts
Section 9: Impact on water sources and energy/renewable energy
Section 10: Impact on biodiversity
Section 11: Household's climate change adaptation activities
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data Editing and Coding
Data collection was done in Tablet. Qualitative information was coded before analysis.
Data Processing and Analysis
The data processing work was done at NSO. After all data was captured from the server it was edited. The data analysis was done in SPSS and STATA software.
Data collection was done in Tablet. Qualitative information was coded before analysis.
Data Processing and Analysis
The data processing work was done at NSO. After all data was captured from the server it was edited. The data analysis was done in SPSS and STATA software.
Other Processing
Data Validation
The data entry program was developed for controlling the data and to avoid the error of the data collection. Two days workshop for the data validation was conducted. The central core team and
experts of the climate chage were present during data validation workshop. The data manager developed the required table and it was throughly discussed.
Tabulation Plan
The tabulation plan was developed at the survey design phase. Tables were developed from each thematic area. The tables required for the report writing was finalized by the meeting conduted
with central core team, consultant and other thematic experts.
The data entry program was developed for controlling the data and to avoid the error of the data collection. Two days workshop for the data validation was conducted. The central core team and
experts of the climate chage were present during data validation workshop. The data manager developed the required table and it was throughly discussed.
Tabulation Plan
The tabulation plan was developed at the survey design phase. Tables were developed from each thematic area. The tables required for the report writing was finalized by the meeting conduted
with central core team, consultant and other thematic experts.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chief-Statistician, National Statistics Office (NSO) | Office of the Prime Ministers and Ministers of Council (OPMCM) | info@nsonepal.gov.np | www.nsonepal.gov.np |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director of Publication, Dissemination and Library Sectio | National Statistics Office (NSO) | info@nsonepal. gov.np | www.nsonepal.gov.np |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of the respondents is guaranteed by article 10 of Statistics Act 2022.
Access conditions
The dataset has been anonymized and is available for public use
Citation requirements
National Statistics Office (NSO), National Climate Change Survey 2022. Data and information is downloaded from Microdata Catalogue (NADA): https://microdata.nsonepal.gov.np/index.php/home/
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The National Statistics Institute [NSO], Nepal bears no responsibility for any outcomes or for interpretations or inferences arising from the use of the data, or use of the information provided on the study.
Copyright
(c) 2025, National Statistics Office [NSO], Nepal
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-NPL-NSO-NCCS-2022-v01
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Office | NSO | Office of Priminister and Minister of Council (OPMC) | Documentation of the Study |
Date of Metadata Production
2024-04-18
DDI Document version
Version 01 (June 2026): Original documentation of the survey