National Sample Census of Agriculture 2021/22, NSCA 2021/22
Nepal, 2022
National Statistics Office (previous Central Bureau of Statistics)
Created on June 23, 2024
Last modified June 23, 2024
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Identification
Survey ID Number
NPL-NSO-NSCA-2021-v01
Title
National Sample Census of Agriculture 2021/22, NSCA 2021/22
Subtitle
NSCA 2021/22
Translated Title
Rastriya Krishi Ganana 2078
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Nepal | NPL |
Study type
Agricultural Census [ag/census]
Series Information
The National Sample Census of Agriculture (NSCA), 2021/22 is the seventh decennial census of agriculture of Nepal conducted by National Statistics Office (previous Central Bureau of Statistics). The first had been undertaken in 1961/62. The second, third, fourth, fifth & sixth had been undertaken in 1971/72, 1981/82, 1991/92, 2001/02 & 2011/12 respectively. Like the last census of NSCA 2011/12, the NSCA 2021/22 covered all districts and all local municipality of the country.This is the first Agriculture Census of the Federal Democratic Nepal.
Abstract
The National Statistics Office, previously known as the Central Bureau of Statistics, conducted the National Sample Census of Agriculture 2021/22 (NSCA 2021/22) covering all parts of the country. Nepal has a glorious history of taking the agriculture census once every ten years, with the first one taking place in 1961/62 and subsequent ones in 1971/72, 1981/82, 1991/92, 2001/02, 2011/12, and 2021/22. The NSCA 2021/22 is the seventh census in this cycle and the first one after the new federal setup of the country. Its primary purpose is to provide data on the tructural aspects of agriculture that change slowly over time, such as farm size, land use, crop areas, and number of livestock, up to the local level (municipality). The census also includes the basic data on the organizational structure of agricultural holdings, including land tenure, irrigation, livestock numbers, labor, and use of machinery and other agricultural inputs. Furthermore, the census content has been broadened to encompass current areas of concern that vary annually, including the production of major crops. The census provides benchmark data on agriculture which is essential for monitoring and evaluating the impact of development policies and programs and addressing emerging social, economic, and environmental policy issues in agriculture. Regarding the content of the census, including statistical concepts, definitions, classifications, and output, the census has adhered to the guidelines set forth by the World Program for the Census of Agriculture 2020 (WCA 2020) developed by the FAO.
The main objectives of the agriculture census 2021/22 are as following :
1. To provide basic data on the structure of agriculture and characteristics of holdings for small geographical area (municipality),
2. To assist in planning and policy-making for agricultural development across the three tiers of government and monitoring the progress achieved,
3. To provide reliable data for benchmarking and reconciliation of current agriculture statistics,
4. To design frame for other agricultural surveys,
5. To avail core data for compilation and monitoring of some agriculture-related SDG indicators.
The main objectives of the agriculture census 2021/22 are as following :
1. To provide basic data on the structure of agriculture and characteristics of holdings for small geographical area (municipality),
2. To assist in planning and policy-making for agricultural development across the three tiers of government and monitoring the progress achieved,
3. To provide reliable data for benchmarking and reconciliation of current agriculture statistics,
4. To design frame for other agricultural surveys,
5. To avail core data for compilation and monitoring of some agriculture-related SDG indicators.
Kind of Data
Census data [cen]
Unit of Analysis
Agriculture Holding
Version
Version Description
v1: First version for internal use only.
v2: Second version for public dissemination.
v2: Second version for public dissemination.
Version Date
2024-06-17
Version Notes
Information updated in the previous version
Scope
Notes
The scope of the National Sample Census of Agriculture2021/22 mainly covers crop and livestock production activities. But it also includes holdings engaged in ancillary activities like forestry,fisheries, mushroom farming, beekeeping, floriculture, and nursey provided that they have some crop or livestock production activities within the cut-off threshold.As in the past censuses, the seventh census of agriculture also covers the whole country capturing the agricultural activities operated by the holdings within the cutoff threshold. Only agricultural holdings operated by households are included. The big-sized livestock activities above the predefined threshold operated by households and agricultural activities undertaken by government organizations, cooperatives,and business farms are excluded.
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | World Bank |
| Livestock | World Bank |
| Environment | World Bank |
| Land Use | World Bank |
| Land Tennure | World Bank |
Keywords
| Keyword |
|---|
| Livestock |
| Agriculture |
| Agriculture Production |
| Agriculture Holding |
| Agriculture Structure |
| Landuse |
| Farm Size |
| Irrigation |
| land tenure |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
The seventh census of agriculture 2021/22 also covers the entire country including all districts and local levels (Urban and Rural Municipalities).
Universe
The census covers individual agriculture holdings of the country.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Statistics Office (previous Central Bureau of Statistics) | Government of Nepal |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Office | NSO | Government budget |
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | Technical |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| All 33 Statistics Offices | SOs | Field Operation and Management of NSCA |
| Districts Agriculture Census Office | DACOs | Data Collection and Management of NSCA |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
Sampling design
1. Domain of estimation
Nepal is divided into seven provinces, 77 districts, and 753 municipalities for administrative purposes. The NSCA 2021/22 provides accurate estimates at the municipality level, making the 753 municipalities as domains of estimation for the sampling design.
2 Sampling method
The sampling method for estimation of various parameters of interest at municipality level is one of strati?ied two-stage sampling. Within a municipality the enumeration areas (EAs) are the primary stage units (PSUs) of sampling and within the selected enumeration area the agricultural households are the second stage units (SSUs) of sampling. The enumeration areas are selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic sampling (the number of holdings in the enumeration area is the size variable). The SSUs are selected by equal probability systematic sampling with implicit stratification.
3 Sampling frame
In line with the proposed sampling design, there are two types of sampling frame used for the agriculture census 2021/22: the frame for selecting the PSUs and the frame for the selection of agricultural holdings. The sampling frame for PSUs was prepared from the list of enumeration areas (EAs) from the National Population and Housing Census 2021 (NPHC 2021). Following FAO recommendations an agricultural module was incorporated in the NPHC collecting basic agriculture related information from all households in the country including total area of operational holding, number of livestock, and number of poultry birds The frame of PSUs consisted of the list of enumeration areas along with the number
of households and agricultural households.The frame for SSUs was developed through listing operations in the sampled EAs.
All households are interviewed in each EA in order to develop an updated list of agricultural households as sample frame of SSUs in the selected EA.
4 Sample size
The municipality is the sample domain of the census, therefore the sample size was determined ensuring reliable estimations of key variables of interest at municipality level. As recommended by FAO, agricultural area is a suitable variable that is considered in calculating the sample size. The target number of holdings sampled from each selected EA was set at 25. The actual number sampled varied between 20 and 30 and was determined in such a way to ensure equal probability of selection for all holdings in a municipality.
Altogether, a sample of 330,112 holdings for the whole country (8% of all holdings) were selected from 13,576 EAs in the NSCA 2022.
5 Sample selection
The sample of PSUs was selected with a systematic probability proportional to sizemethod considering the number of agricultural households as measure of size.Selection of SSUs (agricultural households) were carried out in the field. The selection was done by using usual equal probability linear systematic sampling. However, before selection, an implicit stratification for Tarai and Hill/Mountain was used by making four implicit strata as follows:
• Less than 1 Bigha (0.68Ha)/10 Ropani (0.51Ha)
• 1 to 3 Bigha (0.68 to 2.03 Ha)/10 to 20 Ropani (0.51 to 1.01 Ha)
• More than 3 Bigha (2.03 Ha)/ 20 Ropani (1.01 Ha)
• Only having livestock.
1. Domain of estimation
Nepal is divided into seven provinces, 77 districts, and 753 municipalities for administrative purposes. The NSCA 2021/22 provides accurate estimates at the municipality level, making the 753 municipalities as domains of estimation for the sampling design.
2 Sampling method
The sampling method for estimation of various parameters of interest at municipality level is one of strati?ied two-stage sampling. Within a municipality the enumeration areas (EAs) are the primary stage units (PSUs) of sampling and within the selected enumeration area the agricultural households are the second stage units (SSUs) of sampling. The enumeration areas are selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic sampling (the number of holdings in the enumeration area is the size variable). The SSUs are selected by equal probability systematic sampling with implicit stratification.
3 Sampling frame
In line with the proposed sampling design, there are two types of sampling frame used for the agriculture census 2021/22: the frame for selecting the PSUs and the frame for the selection of agricultural holdings. The sampling frame for PSUs was prepared from the list of enumeration areas (EAs) from the National Population and Housing Census 2021 (NPHC 2021). Following FAO recommendations an agricultural module was incorporated in the NPHC collecting basic agriculture related information from all households in the country including total area of operational holding, number of livestock, and number of poultry birds The frame of PSUs consisted of the list of enumeration areas along with the number
of households and agricultural households.The frame for SSUs was developed through listing operations in the sampled EAs.
All households are interviewed in each EA in order to develop an updated list of agricultural households as sample frame of SSUs in the selected EA.
4 Sample size
The municipality is the sample domain of the census, therefore the sample size was determined ensuring reliable estimations of key variables of interest at municipality level. As recommended by FAO, agricultural area is a suitable variable that is considered in calculating the sample size. The target number of holdings sampled from each selected EA was set at 25. The actual number sampled varied between 20 and 30 and was determined in such a way to ensure equal probability of selection for all holdings in a municipality.
Altogether, a sample of 330,112 holdings for the whole country (8% of all holdings) were selected from 13,576 EAs in the NSCA 2022.
5 Sample selection
The sample of PSUs was selected with a systematic probability proportional to sizemethod considering the number of agricultural households as measure of size.Selection of SSUs (agricultural households) were carried out in the field. The selection was done by using usual equal probability linear systematic sampling. However, before selection, an implicit stratification for Tarai and Hill/Mountain was used by making four implicit strata as follows:
• Less than 1 Bigha (0.68Ha)/10 Ropani (0.51Ha)
• 1 to 3 Bigha (0.68 to 2.03 Ha)/10 to 20 Ropani (0.51 to 1.01 Ha)
• More than 3 Bigha (2.03 Ha)/ 20 Ropani (1.01 Ha)
• Only having livestock.
Deviations from the Sample Design
No need to derive sample design
Response Rate
100%
Weighting
In the Agriculture Census 2021/22, two weights were used. One weight was applied for the selection of Enumeration Area (EAs) in Domain level, and the other was used for the selection of agricultural holdings within the selected EA. These two weights were multiplied to obtain the net weight of each household
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2022-04-19 | 2022-06-02 | single |
Time periods
| Start date | End date | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2022-04-19 | 2022-06-02 | 45 days |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f] (CAPI in 3 districts; PAPI in 74 districts)
Supervision
Officials at the central level, along with district census officers, assistant officers, and supervisors, were assigned to oversee and manage the fieldwork. Monitoring and supervision forms were utilized for this purpose. The progress of the fieldwork was regularly reported to both the district census office and the NSO.
Data Collection Notes
A direct face-to-face interview method of data collection with a paper questionnaire and a system of Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) method using tablet were used in the census. The CAPI system was used only in three districts – Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktpur of Kathmandu valley. The paper questionnaire method was used for data collection in the remaining 74 districts.
The seventh census of agriculture was conducted in a single phase across the entire country. The main fieldwork - data collection for the census took place for 45 days between April 19 and June 2, 2022. Along with the supervision of the data collection the enumeration supervisors visited the wards where the selected enumeration areas were located. The supervisors gathered community-level data, including information on community infrastructure and facilities, by using a community questionnaire from the ward offices.The filled-in forms collected from the fieldwork were checked and verified for completeness at the district census of?ices. Once veri?ied, they were sent to the central storage for further processing.
The seventh census of agriculture was conducted in a single phase across the entire country. The main fieldwork - data collection for the census took place for 45 days between April 19 and June 2, 2022. Along with the supervision of the data collection the enumeration supervisors visited the wards where the selected enumeration areas were located. The supervisors gathered community-level data, including information on community infrastructure and facilities, by using a community questionnaire from the ward offices.The filled-in forms collected from the fieldwork were checked and verified for completeness at the district census of?ices. Once veri?ied, they were sent to the central storage for further processing.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Office previous CBS | NSO | Government of Nepal. |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The questionnaires implemented in the National Sample Census of Agriculture 2021/22 to collect data are as follows:
1. Holding listing form (Form 1)
Form 1 is a holding listing form that has been used to list all the agriculture holdings (within the cut-off threshold) in the selected enumeration area. It has
been used as a frame to select the holdings (SSUs).
2 Selected holding listing form (Form 1A)
The Form 1A is used to prepare a list of selected holdings that is used to fill out the main questionnaire (Form 2).
3 Agriculture holding questionnaire (Form 2)
Form 2 is the main questionnaire implemented in the census to collect the agricultural data in detail from the selected holdings.
4 Community questionnaire (Form 3)
Form 3 is used to collect community-level data from the ward office of the municipality.
1. Holding listing form (Form 1)
Form 1 is a holding listing form that has been used to list all the agriculture holdings (within the cut-off threshold) in the selected enumeration area. It has
been used as a frame to select the holdings (SSUs).
2 Selected holding listing form (Form 1A)
The Form 1A is used to prepare a list of selected holdings that is used to fill out the main questionnaire (Form 2).
3 Agriculture holding questionnaire (Form 2)
Form 2 is the main questionnaire implemented in the census to collect the agricultural data in detail from the selected holdings.
4 Community questionnaire (Form 3)
Form 3 is used to collect community-level data from the ward office of the municipality.
Data Processing
Data Editing
The completed questionnaires collected from the various census offices were safely stored in the central storage building. Data processing for the census was done within the NSO premises. The data processing center of the NSO was equipped with basic facilities and functionalities like laptops, a local server, a local area network (LAN), security cameras, furniture, and air conditioners.The coding and editing of the questionnaires were accomplished by the temporarily recruited 50 coders and editors from November, 2022 to January, 2023. Likewise, the data entry of the hardcopy questionnaire were accomplished by the temporarily recruited 100 entry operators from November, 2022 to January, 2023.
Other Processing
The data entry application was developed in CSPro which includes a comprehensive built-in system that has range and consistency checks programs. For data management, both SPSS and STATA packages were utilized. This involved editing, cleaning, and tabulation of data from the census. In situations where there was dubious information found during the data cleaning process, the agriculture holdings were contacted directly through phone calls or field visits for data verification.After ensuring the quality of the data, the statistical software package SPSS was predominantly used for data tabulation, analysis, and summarization of results.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
The NSO was highly focused on ensuring the accuracy of census data by implementing various measures to minimize non-sampling errors. To reduce sampling errors, an appropriate sampling design was prepared modifying the designs used in previous agriculture sample censuses. Quality control mechanisms for the data included training, supervision, completeness checks, verification of data entry, and consistency checks.
Data Appraisal
Census estimates given in the tables are subject to sampling errors, standard error, relative standard error because the data are based on a sample of holdings rather than the entire population of holdings.The size of the SE,SE, RSR are estimated for major outputs. It is presented seperately in a technical report. The technical report provided more detailed information about how the errors are calculated. Therefore,in interpreting the tables, the figures should be suitably rounded off.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Chief Statistician | NSO | info@nsonepal.gov.np | https://nsonepal.gov.np/ |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Mahesh Kumar Subedi | National Statistics Office | mk.subedi@gmail.com | www.nsonepal.gov.np |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of the respondents is guaranteed by article 10 of Statistics Act 2022. Restriction on publication of information and details to any persons collected by any source or medium and also its computer database, electronic archive or its parts . It shall not be disclosed or published directly except to the chief statistician or to any other authorized persons. It will published only for statistics purpose on collectively. Micro-data of NSCA 2021/22 are available on sale. One has to fallow all the conditions as mentioned in the Statistical Regulation 2023.
Access conditions
The micro-dataset is availabe on purchage from NSO premices, with conditions applied as mentioned in the Statistical Regulations 2023.
Citation requirements
https://nsonepal.gov.np; https://agricensusnepal.gov.np
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The micro-data provided herein is based on census information collected and compiled by NSO. Users are advised that there is no responsibility for any errors, omissions, or inaccuracies in findings, if any, calculated by the users from the data, or for any consequences arising from the use of this information.
Copyright
(c) 2024, National Statistics Office
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-NPL-NSO-NSCA-2021-22-v01
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Office | NSO | Government of Nepal | Documentation of the Study |
Date of Metadata Production
2023-08-30
DDI Document version
Version 01 (August 2023): Original Documentation of the Study.
Version 02 (June 2024): Revised Documention of the Study.
Version 02 (June 2024): Revised Documention of the Study.